Gaining and losing massive amounts of weight can put a lot of stress on your body. Skin cells become stretched out to capacity and are often so damaged that they can never bounce back once the excess weight is gone, leaving newly thin physiques with hanging skin.

Many people find their new bodies so distorted from the weight loss that they become more emotionally distressed than when they were overweight. When exercise and dieting does not work to get you back into shape after weight loss, plastic surgery can help get your body back into shape. There are many nip and tuck procedures that can help re-sculpt your body.

One of the most commonly used sculpting procedures available is liposuction. Liposuction is used in mild to moderate cases where there is little sagging skin. The emphasis for liposuction is on smoothing unwanted lumps and bumps that are resistant to diet and exercise, like the stomach, inner and outer thighs, lower back, knees, and neck, where stubborn fat pockets collect. The procedure cannot remove any hanging skin and isn’t meant as a weight loss treatment, but it does provide visible results.

During liposuction, a cosmetic surgeon inserts a hollow tube into a small incision placed near the target area. The tube is moved back and forth, gathering excess fat cells. Once an area has been treated, the results are fairly permanent. Fat will not redeposit if a reasonable diet and exercise regime are followed.

For more extreme weight loss cases, body contouring cosmetic surgeries, such as a tummy tuck, are used with much success. These types of procedures involve making an incision at the target area, excising loose skin, and then suturing the area back to create a tighter appearance. Many different areas of the body can be treated including the arms, back, and legs.

A tummy tuck, or abdominoplasty, involves making a large incision across the length of the lower stomach, usually from hip to hip. The apron of fat is then cut away. The remaining skin is sewn tightly back, leaving a smooth, more toned appearance. Because of the large incision, lengthy recovery period, and subsequent scarring, this is a cosmetic surgery meant only for very extreme cases.

Leg and arm lifts, two other common post-weight loss plastic surgeries, also require lengthy recovery periods and the possibilities of noticeable scarring. There are also many risks and complications involved that should be carefully considered. Common problems include prolonged swelling, bruising, bleeding, and tenderness. More serious risks range from blood clots and infection to skin necrosis.

Because of the extreme nature of some body contouring surgeries, be sure to discuss all of your options and medical history with a well-qualified, board certified plastic surgeon before committing to any procedure. It is important to disclose any health issues that could pose a threat to your safety. It is also paramount that you invest a good deal of effort into researching not only the procedures you are considering, but the plastic surgeon that you trust and feel confident in operating on you.

Tired of skin that hangs, clothes that never fit correctly and are considering plastic surgery? Boca Raton board certified plastic surgeons offer consultations to further discuss your needs and help re-create the body you once had or long desired.

Women have been going under the knife, under the laser or facing the needle for years to enhance their looks and fight the hands of time. But, they’ve got company at the clinic these days because men are seeking help through plastic surgery too. Men are looking for a smoother more refined look in their face and want to look lean and sexy too. And, there’s nothing wrong with that. Hundreds of thousands of men sought some type of cosmetic procedure from eyelid surgery to Botox in 2007. So what are the guys doing?

The most popular procedure among men according to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) 2007 statistics is the nose job. Historically, a small petite nose on a man exudes weakness and femininity. Guys want a strong, think Roman statue, nose. Interestingly enough, eyelid surgery is the second most popular with liposuction coming in third. Bags and wrinkles under the eyes really age a face and make you look tired. Getting rid of them changes the whole landscape of the face and really brightens it up. Liposuction means you don’t have to live with the saddlebags anymore. It also helps contour the abdominal region. One procedure that is uniquely male is gynecomastia or male breast reduction. This is the fourth most popular and with good reason. Enlarged breasts in men are not uncommon and they cause all kinds of physical and psychological issues. Male breast reduction surgery allows men to reclaim some self-confidence and make them feel like men again.

But, it’s not just the surgical procedures that are popular. Guys are opting for the non-invasive cosmetic procedures as well. Again, according to the ASPS, 6% of the Botox procedures performed in 2007 were for men. Yes, men are rushing to the clinic for a lunch hour pick-me-up too. They are also having micro dermabrasion, getting peels and going under the laser for hair removal and skin resurfacing.

Gray hair may make a guy look distinguished and even sexy, but wrinkles and age spots no way. Just like women, men do things that damage the skin like not wear sunscreen and smoke. Oh, and they probably eat a diet of higher in saturated fat and trans fats. As they age, the only way to reverse the damage is with a cosmetic procedure. It’s not just the professional, the guy in the suit who works on Wall Street, seeking cosmetic help. The guys climbing telephone poles, the guys driving tanks as well as the CEO are all paying more attention to their appearance and doing what they can to turn back the hands of time.

Listen up guys. Before you go in search of a little youthful rejuvenation or body enhancement, make sure you do your homework. Verify your surgeon’s credentials and make sure he is a board certified plastic surgeon. If you opt for the non-invasive procedures, have either a plastic surgeon or a dermatologist do it. Surgery or not, things can go wrong. You don’t want to look so wide awake after your eyelid surgery that you can’t close your eyes.

If you have wrinkles or bags under the eyes, your face could look tired. Getting rid of them can drastically change your looks. To brighten up your face consult a Boca Raton eyelid surgery specialist.

Many people have heard of Botox as a wrinkle-reducing, non-invasive type of cosmetic surgery. Yet far fewer have heard that this wrinkle-banishing agent can actually be a treatment for severe migraine headaches. The company that makes Botox, Allergan, recently released a press statement, indicating that its product shows excellent potential for reducing the suffering for migraine patients.

Botox as a Medical Agent

After its two Phase III clinical trials, Allergan found that that among patients who suffered from 15 or more migraine headaches a month, Botox injections helped to significantly reduce the number of headache days vs. the number of headache days for those receiving the placebo.

“We are pleased with the top-line results of our Phase III clinical trials which show that BOTOX® treatment provided benefit to these patients whose lives have been profoundly impacted by this severely debilitating condition,” said Scott Whitcup, MD, Allergan’s Executive Vice President, Research and Development. “It is gratifying to focus our research and development efforts on an indication that addresses such an important unmet medical need.”

Experts estimate that between 1.2 and 3.6 million Americans suffer from migraine headaches each year. The results of the study are very encouraging, suggesting that there may be real help for these patients in the coming years. To treat migraines, the injections are generally given regularly in the forehead, temples, and even in the neck muscles.

Botox as a Cosmetic Treatment

Botox has been around even longer as a cosmetic surgery technique that does not involves knives or lasers. It is the brand name for the botulinum toxin type A, a substance that has been proven effective at reducing the effect of wrinkles and fine lines around and between the eyes. It works by essentially paralyzing the muscles temporarily that cause those wrinkles. Surprisingly this does not significantly change or inhibit your facial expressions.
http://www.bocaratonplasticsurgery.net/
The results of these injections as a non-surgical plastic surgery are visible after just a few days, but most people will need several treatments to achieve their desired look. The softened lines created by this cosmetic surgery will fade for a month and the results can last for up to four months.

When you decide to have the injections administered, make sure you do some research and select a physician who is properly licensed and has plenty of experience working with the injectable. It is best to choose a doctor who actually specialized in performing this “lunch break” procedure.

One great thing about using Botox is that is basically pain free. Just a couple of quick injections, and you can be on your way out, back to your normal daily activities with no down time. No recovery period like with a full plastic surgery face lift. Your doctor can complete the procedure in about 10 minutes or so, making it very convenient and stress free as well.

Most people are good candidates for the cosmetic surgery procedure, but those with disorders like ALS, myasthenia gravis, and Lamber-Eaton syndrome may not be the best fit. Also, most doctors will not give injections to patients if there is an infection in the area where the patient wants treated.

Talk with your doctor to make sure Botox is right for you, and if it is, you can not only use it to get relief from migraines but enjoy the benefits of fresher, younger looking skin that will wow your friends.

The versatility of Botox as a wrinkle-reducing agent has extended to its use in medical conditions. For treatment with Botox, Boca Raton, FL has numerous board certified surgeons offering free consultations. Contact one today!

Being a teenager is difficult, particularly in this media-driven world of perfection. The pressure that teens put on themselves and that are perceived by their peers is intense. As a result, many teens turn to plastic surgery to correct flaws, imagined or real. Breast augmentation is one of the procedures popular among teen-age girls. Popular or not, is it safe for teen-age girls to get breast implants?

Surgery is surgery, whether it is cosmetic or not, and with surgery comes risk. Breast augmentation performed on teenagers is not different. Just because she is young and healthy doesn’t mean she won’t have a reaction to the anesthesia or experience infection and other complications after the surgery.

When you consider safety, you also must consider that a teen-ager is still growing. Between 18 and 21, the breasts continue to grow. In fact, many girls don’t really develop until these later years. So while your teen may lament her small development, she may experience a quick increase when she is older.

So, if you can get her to wait until she is at least 21, she may not even need implants. If she decides to go ahead at 18 and then she grows on her own, she might become too big and want the implants removed. Here’s another surgery and the risks that go along with it.

Another safety issue to consider is the psychological risks. Why does she want breast augmentation? If she has the surgery, will it really correct the problem or are her issues deeper than just small breasts. It is a good idea to discuss the reasons with your teen and, if necessary, seek professional counseling.

While you may be able to find a surgeon who will perform the procedure on your under 18 teen, you should know that the FDA has not approved the use of saline implants on women under 18. The American Society of Plastic Surgeons agrees with this position and does not approve the procedure on girls under 18. If your teen is 18 and you have had thoughtful discussions about the risks and the reasoning, it is as safe as any other surgery would be.

It is important to understand the risks of surgery no matter what kind of procedure it is. There can be adverse reactions to the anesthesia that can be mild or as severe as death. Other risks include complications during recovery. Infection, bleeding and excessive scarring can occur if proper care is not taken during the recovery process. Make sure your teen understands what she will have to do after her breast augmentation.

To make it as safe as possible, you have to find the right surgeon. It is very important that you verify his credentials by making sure he is board certified and licensed to perform cosmetic procedures like a breast augmentation.

Make sure you and your teen feel comfortable with him as well. This is an emotional as well as physical experience and you want someone capable of communicating with and meeting your teen’s needs. This is a life-changing event and she needs to feel confident about her decision and the outcome.

Breast augmentation , Boca Raton comes with a certain amount of risk, especially if the patient is a teen. However, the FDA and the ASPS only support use of breast implants in teens over 18.

Age and gravity just love to wreak havoc on your skin. As you age, your facial skin loses volume and elasticity. Gravity pulls the skin down as this happens, and you start to look like a jowly basset hound. You look tired, old and just plain worn out. Whether you feel tired or not, you don’t have to look it. To rejuvenate your skin consider a facelift. Boca Raton plastic surgeons can help you. Here’s what they can do and what they can’t do:

A facelift addresses the lower half of your face. If you’ve lost your cheekbones, your neck and your chin then this procedure is for you. An incision is made along the hairline and down around the ears. The skin is pulled up and back and the excess is trimmed off. Your surgeon may also manipulate the fat under the tissue to create volume in other areas.

Because of the placement of the incisions, they are easily hidden. You should be fully recovered in no more than 4 months.

The facelift is not going to eliminate wrinkles or other signs of aging. So, it is common to incorporate skin rejuvenating treatments as well as other surgical procedures to complete the overall look. Eye lifts and brow lifts are common additions to a facelift. Your surgeon will evaluate your skin and let you know if this is necessary to achieve the results you want. Sometimes just addressing the lower portion of the face is enough.

Having a facelift does not stop the aging process; it simply holds it off a little longer. There are things you can do to make sure your results last as long as possible. Living healthy is a must - eat well and exercise. Keep your body hydrated and give your face the attention it deserves by keeping it moisturized and protected from the sun.

Smoking is bad for the skin and speeds the aging process. Consider maintenance treatments such as dermabrasion, collagen injections, peels, laser treatments and other procedures to help you maintain firm healthy skin as you continue to age.

If you don’t do anything else for yourself, consider a facelift. It really can have a positive impact on your life. You will look more vibrant, healthy and energetic. You can potentially turn the clock back ten years or so in appearance. As a result, you may actually feel more vibrant and younger as well. People around you will sense this change in you and it will impact their mood and reactions to you.

To ensure a safe and successful procedure, interview your plastic surgeon. Make sure he is a board certified plastic surgeon and ask about his experience with facelift procedures. During your consultation, be clear about the results you want and ask any question that comes to mind.

Being informed is the best way to avoid risk. This is a surgical procedure and there are risks involved. But, if you have a great surgeon, you know what to expect and you follow his after-care instructions, a more vibrant and rejuvenated you is just around the corner.

Create younger looking skin and take years off with a facelift, Boca Raton board certified plastic surgeon can assist you.

Aesthetic Ambulatory Plastic
851 Meadows Road # 222, Boca Raton, FL 33486
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(800) 232-5508 (toll-free)

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery
900 NW 13th Street # 103, Boca Raton, FL 33486
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Aesthetic Plastic Surgery - Pamela J Loftus MD
900 NW 13th Street # 103, Boca Raton, FL 33486
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Aesthetic Reconst Plas Surgery - Daniel O’Hara MD
951 NW 13th Street # 4A, Boca Raton, FL 33486
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Bauman Medical Group
6861 SW 18th Street # 102, Boca Raton, FL 33433
(561) 394-0024
(877) 228-6269 (toll-free)

Boca Jaw Surgery, Ronald L. Katz, DMD
20423 State Road 7, Suite F18, Boca Raton, FL 33498
(561) 886-0288
(561) 852-7070

Boca Raton Plastic Surgery Center
950 Glades Road # 3, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 368-9455

Boca Raton Plastic Surgery Center - Cristina F Keusch MD
950 Glades Road # 3, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 368-9455

Boca Raton Skin & Laser Center - Attica C Chang MD
1356 NW Boca Raton Boulevard, Boca Raton, FL 33432
(561) 395-9500

Bruce Myers Md
2900 North Military Trail, Suite 247, Boca Raton, FL 33431

(561) 620-8975
(561) 391-9661

Cabrera Rafael MD FACS
951 Northwest 13th Street, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 393-6400

Daniel E O’Hara MD
660 Glades Road # 380, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 393-1994

Daniel Man MD
851 Meadows Road # 222, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 395-5508

Ear Nose & Throat Associates
900 NW 13th Street, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 488-9149

Fishman Jay E MD
2900 North Military Trail, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 391-9661

Focus Surgical
2900 North Military Trail Suite 247, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 391-9661

Gibstein Alan MD Ob-Gyn
4800 North Federal Highway, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 367-9101

Graham Plastic Surgery
950 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 395-1100

Graham Plastic Surgery - Patrick V Graham MD
950 Glades Road # 5, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 498-1110

Haugen Christine MD
4800 North Federal Highway, Suite 101C, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 367-9101

Jasin Facial Rejuvenation Institute
(813) 975-3223
(888) 815-3233 (toll-free)

Jason N Pozner MD
4800 N Federal Highway # 101C, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 367-9101

Jeffrey S Epstein MD
1599 NW 9th Avenue # 1, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 750-0525

Jennings Alinda A R N P B C
1601 Clint Moore Road, Boca Raton, FL 33487
(561) 939-0900

Jonathan R Berman MD
670 Glades Road # 240, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 417-0171

Jose Barrios MD
9878 Clint Moore Road # 204, Boca Raton, FL 33496
(561) 477-2963

Loftus Pamela J Md PA
900 Northwest 13th Street, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 394-7494

Mellon Dorothy L MD Cosmetic Surgery
900 Northwest 13th Street Suite 206, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 367-8769

Nachlas Nathan MD
1601 Clint Moore Road, Suite 170, Boca Raton, FL 33487
(561) 939-0900

Natural Hair Transplants - Arlene Spertus MD
24 SE 6th Street, Boca Raton, FL 33432
(954) 785-7171

Pane, Thomas A MD
641 University Boulevard, Jupiter, FL 33458
(561) 625-3659

Plastic Surgery Skin Care Center
4799 N Federal Highway # 4, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 750-8600

Plastic Surgery Skin Care Center - Vivian Hernandez MD
4799 N Federal Highway # 4, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 750-8600

RESS Institute
7284 West Palmetto Park Road, Boca Raton, FL 33433
(561) 353-4327

RESS Institute of Plastic Surgery
7284 West Palmetto Park Road, Boca Raton, FL 33433
(561) 347-1611
(561) 353-4327

Schuster Plastic Surgery - Steven H Schuster MD
1905 Clint Moore Road # 101, Boca Raton, FL 33496
(561) 912-9191

Schuster Steven Howard MD - Call Today!
1905 Clint Moore Road, Suite 101, Boca Raton, FL 33496
(561) 912-9191

Shaw Clinic for Plastic Srgry - Kevin E Shaw MD
899 Meadows Road # 301, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 820-8189
Cell Phone | Email

Shaw Clinic for Plastic SURG
899 Meadows Road # 301, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 820-8189

Shaw Clinic for Plastic Surgery
899 Meadows Road Suite 301, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 338-3637

Skin Laser and Surgery Specialties
4800 North Federal Highway, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 367-9725

Steven Fagien MD
660 Glades Road # 210, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 393-9898

V Patrick MD
950 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 395-1100

Wagner Kurt MD
4800 North Federal Highway, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 367-9101

Jasin Facial Rejuvenation Institute
(813) 975-3223
(888) 815-3233 (toll-free)

Jason N Pozner MD
4800 N Federal Highway # 101C, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 367-9101

Jeffrey S Epstein MD
1599 NW 9th Avenue # 1, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 750-0525

Jennings Alinda A R N P B C
1601 Clint Moore Road, Boca Raton, FL 33487
(561) 939-0900

Jonathan R Berman MD
670 Glades Road # 240, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 417-0171

Jose Barrios MD
9878 Clint Moore Road # 204, Boca Raton, FL 33496
(561) 477-2963

Keusch Cristina MD PA FACS
950 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 368-9455

Korpeck Lawrence M Md PA
200 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33432
(954) 227-4669
(561) 391-1384
(561) 416-1272

Korpeck Lawrence M Md PA
9980 Central Park Boulevard North, Boca Raton, FL 33428
(561) 483-6850

Lach Elliot MD
5030 Champion Boulevard, Boca Raton, FL 33496
(561) 982-7771

Loftus Pamela J Md PA
900 Northwest 13th Street, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 394-7494

Longevity & Aesthetics Medical
98 S Federal Highway, Boca Raton, FL 33432
(561) 620-4798

Louis de Luca MD
1905 Clint Moore Road # 303, Boca Raton, FL 33496
(561) 998-3333

Louis DeLuca, M.D., F.A.C.S.
1905 Clint Moore Rd, Ste 303, Boca Raton, FL 33496
(561) 998-3333

Mellon Dorothy L MD Cosmetic Surgery
900 Northwest 13th Street Suite 206, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 367-8769

Nachlas Nathan MD
1601 Clint Moore Road, Suite 170, Boca Raton, FL 33487
(561) 939-0900

Natural Hair Transplants - Arlene Spertus MD
24 SE 6th Street, Boca Raton, FL 33432
(954) 785-7171

Norman Jack D Md PA
9980 Central Park Boulevard North, Boca Raton, FL 33428
(305) 358-7110

Pane, Thomas A MD
641 University Boulevard, Jupiter, FL 33458
(561) 625-3659

Plastic Surgery Skin Care Center
4799 N Federal Highway # 4, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 750-8600

Plastic Surgery Skin Care Center - Vivian Hernandez MD
4799 N Federal Highway # 4, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 750-8600

Reddy Kris M MD
Boca Raton, FL 33428

(561) 245-0500

Renato V Ocampo Jr MD
9970 Central Park Boulevard N # 204, Boca Raton, FL 33428
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RESS Andrew PHYS
7284 West Palmetto Park Road, Suite 105, Boca Raton, FL 33433
(561) 347-1611

RESS Institute
7284 West Palmetto Park Road, Boca Raton, FL 33433
(561) 353-4327

Ress Institute - Andrew M Ress MD
7284 W Palmetto Park Road # 105, Boca Raton, FL 33433
(561) 353-4327
(561) 347-1611

RESS Institute of Plastic Surgery
7284 West Palmetto Park Road, Boca Raton, FL 33433
(561) 347-1611
(561) 353-4327

Schuster Plastic Surgery - Steven H Schuster MD
1905 Clint Moore Road # 101, Boca Raton, FL 33496
(561) 912-9191

Schuster Steven Howard MD
1905 Clint Moore Road, Suite 101, Boca Raton, FL 33496
(561) 912-9191

Shaw Clinic for Plastic Srgry - Kevin E Shaw MD
899 Meadows Road # 301, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 820-8189

Shaw Clinic for Plastic SURG
899 Meadows Road # 301, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 820-8189

Shaw Clinic for Plastic Surgery
899 Meadows Road Suite 301, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 338-3637

Shaw Kevin E MD FACS
899 Meadows Road Suite 301, Boca Raton, FL 33486
(561) 338-3637

Skin Laser and Surgery Specialties
4800 North Federal Highway, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 367-9725

Steven Fagien MD
660 Glades Road # 210, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 393-9898

V Patrick MD
950 Glades Road, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 395-1100

Wagner Kurt MD
4800 North Federal Highway, Boca Raton, FL 33431
(561) 367-9101

West Boca Eye Center
9325 Glades Road, Suite 201, Boca Raton, FL 33434
(561) 488-1001

West Boca Walk in Medical
9878 Clint Moore Road, Suite 202, Boca Raton, FL 33496
(561) 477-2963

Yalamanchi Bose Md Facs PA
9970 Central Park Boulevard South, Boca Raton, FL 33427
(561) 477-6393

Plastic Surgery reaches back to the 700s BCE. Physicians in ancient India including Sushruta were making use of skin grafts for reconstructive work as early as the 8th century BC. In his work Sushruta Samhita describes rhinoplasty and otoplasty. This knowledge of plastic surgery existed in India up to the late 18th century as can be seen from the reports published in Gentleman’s Magazine (October 1794).

The Romans were able to perform simple techniques such as repairing damaged ears from around the 1st century BC. Due to religious reasons they didn’t approve of the dissection of both human beings and animals, thus their knowledge was based in its entirety on the texts of their Greek predecessors. Notwithstanding this Aulus Cornelius Celsus has left some surprisingly accurate anatomical descriptions, some of which -for instance, his studies on the genitalia and the skeleton- are of special interest to plastic surgery.

In 1465, Sabuncuoglu’s book, description, and classification of hypospadias was more informative and up to date. Localization of urethral meatus was described in detail. Sabuncuoglu also detailed the description and classification of ambiguous genitalia (Kitabul Cerrahiye-i Ilhaniye -Cerrahname-Tip Tarihi Enstitüsü, Istanbul) In mid-15th century Europe, Heinrich von Pfolspeundt described a process “to make a new nose for one who lacks it entirely, and the dogs have devoured it” by removing skin from the back of the arm and suturing it in place. However, because of the dangers associated with surgery in any form, especially that involving the head or face, it was not until the 19th and 20th centuries that such surgery became commonplace.

Up until the techniques of anesthesia became established, all surgery on healthy tissues involved great pain. Infection from surgery was reduced once sterile technique and disinfectants were introduced. The invention and use of antibiotics beginning with sulfa drugs and penicillin was another step in making elective surgery possible.

In 1792, Chopart performed operative procedure on a lip using a flap from the neck. In 1814, Joseph Carpue successfully performed operative procedure on a British military officer who had lost his nose to the toxic effects of mercury treatments. In 1818, German surgeon Carl Ferdinand von Graefe published his major work entitled Rhinoplastik. Von Graefe modified the Italian method using a free skin graft from the arm instead of the original delayed pedicle flap. In 1845, Johann Friedrich Dieffenbach wrote a comprehensive text on rhinoplasty, entitled Operative Chirurgie, and introduced the concept of reoperation to improve the cosmetic appearance of the reconstructed nose. In 1891, American otorhinolaryngologist John Roe presented an example of his work, a young woman on whom he reduced a dorsal nasal hump for cosmetic indications. In 1892, Robert Weir experimented unsuccessfully with xenografts (duck sternum) in the reconstruction of sunken noses. In 1896, James Israel, a urological surgeon from Germany, and In 1889 George Monks of the United States each described the successful use of heterogeneous free-bone grafting to reconstruct saddle nose defects. In 1898, Jacques Joseph, the German orthopaedic-trained surgeon, published his first account of reduction rhinoplasty. In 1928, Jacques Joseph published Nasenplastik und Sonstige Gesichtsplastik.

The U.S.’s first plastic surgeon was Dr. John Peter Mettauer. In 1827, he performed the first cleft palate operation with instruments that he designed himself. The New Zealander Sir Harold Gillies, an otolaryngologist, developed many of the techniques of modern Boca Raton plastic surgery in caring for those who suffered facial injuries in World War I. His work was expanded upon during World War II by one of his former students and cousin, Archibald McIndoe, who pioneered treatments for RAF aircrew suffering from severe burns. McIndoe’s radical, experimental treatments, lead to the formation of the Guinea Pig Club. Plastic surgery as a specialty evolved tremendously during the 20th Century in the United States. One of the founders of the specialty, Dr. Vilray Blair, was the first chief of the Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. In one of his many areas of clinical expertise, Blair treated World War I soldiers with complex maxillofacial injuries, and his paper on “Reconstructive Surgery of the Face” set the standard for craniofacial reconstruction. He was also one of the first surgeons without a dental background to be elected to the American Association of Oral and Plastic Surgery (later the organizations split to be renamed the American Association of Plastic Surgeons and the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons) and taught many surgeons who became leaders in the field of Boca Raton plastic surgery.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_surgery